16-自我决定理论:增强内驱力的3大基本需求
16-自我决定理论:增强内驱力的3大基本需求
每个人有自我实现和自我成长的需要,而且具有自主、胜任、归属等3大基本的、生俱来的心理需要。自主需求是指渴望拥有做出自己选择的自由,而不需要被迫去做我们不想做的事情;胜任需求是指希望感到自己拥有独立完成任务所需的技能,而不是被迫面对我们根本不理解的任务;归属需求是指希望感受到被需要的感觉,而不是觉得自己没用或像个局外人。这三大基本需求得到满足,会显著增强我们做事的内驱力。
Ask people for blood donation, and you might find many volunteers. Tell the same people that they'll get paid for it, and many will now decline to help. Why do you think that might be? Self determination theory argues that we do what we do, because we are motivated by three basic needs that drive our behavior more than anything else.
请求人们献血,可能会有很多志愿者,告诉这些人他们会得到报酬,许多人就会拒绝帮忙,你认为这可能是为什么?自我决定理论认为,我们做什么,是因为我们受到三种最能够驱使我们的基本需求的激励。
First comes autonomy.
首先是自主需求
We desire to have the freedom of making our own choices and not be forced to do something we don’t want.
我们渴望拥有做出自己选择的自由,而不需要被迫去做我们不想做的事情。
Second is competence.
第二是胜任需求
We want to feel that we have the skills required to do the work ourselves, and not be confronted with tasks that we don’t understand.
我们希望感到自己拥有独立完成工作所需的技能,而不是被迫面对我们根本不理解的任务。
Third is connection.
第三是归属需求
We want to experience a sense of belonging, of being needed, and not feel useless or like an outsider.
我们希望感受到归属感、被需要的感觉,而不是觉得自己没用或像个局外人。
We can think of motivation ranging from “non-self-determined to self-determined.” On the left we have amotivation, in the center extrinsic motivation, and on the right intrinsic motivation. In terms of quality they range from lower forms to higher forms. Along this spectrum are, according to self determination theory, 6 distinct types, represented here by: Anton, Mary, Taichi, Abeni, John, and Lalisa who all have to study for a major exam.
我们可以认为动机的范围是“从非自我决定到自我决定”,左边是缺乏动机,中间是外在动机,右边是内在动机。就质量而言,它们的形式由低级到高级。根据自我决定理论,沿着这个谱系有6种不同的类型,依次由以下人物代表:安东、玛丽、太一、阿贝尼、约翰和拉丽萨。他们都要准备一场重要的考试。
Anton does not understand the topic and therefore feels disconnected to the material. His need for competence remains unsatisfied and undermines his autonomy — leading him to lose control over the situation. As a result he begins to think that school is pointless. He experiences amotivation.